Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams. Lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps. Celebrate the great variety of colors, sizes, shapes, textures and tastes of lettuces. The american horticultural society encyclopedia of gardening, dk publishing, inc. Lettuce lactuca sativa is a major crop and a member of the large, highly successful compositae family of flowering plants. Lettuce is hardy and can be planted as early as the soil can be worked. The history of lettuce plant profiles heirloom gardner. Does well in dry and hot climates and stays sweet and crispy despite the heat.
It is used as a vegetable and is especially popular in both mainland china and taiwan, where the stem is interchangeably called qingsun chinese. The name of the plant in english, lettuce, and in latin, lactuca, come from lactis, the latin word for milk, because the juice of the plant looks like milk. Observations on the preparation of soporific medicines from garden lettuce, the lactuca sativa of linnaeus. Red leaf lettuce, health benefits and nutritional value. Part of the biotechnology in agriculture and forestry book series agriculture, volume 6. The production of lettuce seed is also an important industry. Lactuca, commonly known as lettuce, is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family asteraceae. Common lettuce, lactuca sativa, has its origins in the middle east. The genus includes at least 50 species, distributed worldwide, but mainly in temperate eurasia.
Pollination and life history studies of lettuce lactuca. The genome size has been estimated by flow cytometry to be 2. Ryder ej 1980 lettuce breeding in the united states. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. Extremely bolt resistant while keeping its sweet, tender and crisp characteristics. Environmental pollution can have detrimental effects on crop yield and its consumers. Lettuce graced the tables of persian kings, roman senators, and medieval lords. The myriad lettuces available today all emanated from a wild lettuce first recorded nearly 5,000 years ago. Fresh leaves are an excellent source of several vitamin a and beta carotenes as well as a rich source of vitamin k, vitamin c, and folates, while also containing lots of minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are very essential for body metabolism. The species is hermaphrodite has both male and female organs and is pollinated by flies. It is cultivated as leaf vegetable sometimes for its seeds and stem. Effect of electric field on the kinetics of growth of lettuce lactuca sativa in a hydroponic system. Wild lettuce plants were eaten by the romans and egyptians.
It is known as lettuce opium because of its putative sedative and analgesic properties. Lactuca sativa lettuce, garden lettuce pfaf plant database. Its bestknown representative is the garden lettuce lactuca sativa, with its many varieties. While the variety new york is the only one produced for shipping fresh, almost all of the important varieties are grown for seed. Bellafiesta lettuce kind and riverm company vermicompost were used in this research. Surprisingly, is also a superior lettuce in cooler seasons. It is likely that it originated on the mediterranean rim on rocky wasteland or woodland clearings. Lettuce facts, health benefits and nutritional value. Chemical constituents from seeds of lactuca sativa article pdf available in chemistry of natural compounds 484. It forms within the genus lactuca a somewhat isolated genetic compatibility group with three wild species that also have nine pairs of chromosomes, l. Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of lettuce. Although the exact origins of the lettuce are unknown it was certainly known to the greeks and romans, and has been grown in britain since at least the middle of the sixteenth century. Jul 10, 2019 common lettuce, lactuca sativa, has its origins in the middle east.
Jericho lettuce seeds lactuca sativa terroir seeds. The increased production and use of nanoparticles nps has generated concerns about their impact on living organisms. Wild lettuce commonly refers to the wildgrowing relatives of common garden lettuce. The current study was designed to investigate the potential human health risks associated with the consumption of lettuce crop contaminated with toxic heavy metals and microbiological status. Have as much fun with them in the garden as you can in the kitchen.
One variety, the woju ts, or asparagus lettuce celtuce, is grown for. Lactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce, especially lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. Careful variety selection is important for hot weather plantings. The keywords searched in persian and english books on medicinal plants.
Potential insect pests include aphids, snails, slugs, leafminers and whiteflies. Oak leaf lettuce seeds lactuca sativa terroir seeds. Carla emery, the encyclopedia of country living ninth ed. Lettuce simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ars germplasm resources information network lasa3 calphotos lasa3 integrated taxonomic information system lasa3.
Lactuca sativa is an annual plant belonging to daisy family asterceae. Xxvii international horticultural congress ihc2006. Lactuca sativa lettuce is the most important crop in the group of leafy vegetables. Egyptian wall murals of min, the god of fertility, depict lettuce in cultivation in about 2700 b. It is in flower from july to august, and the seeds ripen from august to september. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Introduction the lettuce crop is a very important one in california, and the product is shipped in considerable. In egyptian history there are many battles between the. Development of haploid embryos and plants of lactuca. Lactuca virosa is a plant in the lactuca lettuce genus, often ingested for its mild analgesic and sedative effects. Buttercrunch produces a nice head of mild buttery flavored 68 in height, thick, juicy, slightly crumpled dark green leaves and whiteyellow heart. It is now the most important leafy salad vegetable.
Three primary varieties of lettuce are butterhead, cos romaine, and looseleaf. Lettuce types include romaine, butter head, iceberg, and loose leaf. Wild lettuce lactuca virosa, for example, known to have grown wild in ancient egypt. Hk food vegetable lettuce lactuca sativa green leaves with fresh clear water january 2019 ssg 03. Common varieties are romaine, iceberg, and butter lettuce.
Atlee burpee in 1886, this delightful whiteseeded lettuce originated in northern new york state. Success in producing a steady supply of fresh, crisp leaves, rich in vitamin a, depends to a great extent upon an understanding of the habits of this plant. Lactuca serriola is the wild progenitor of cultivated lettuce lactuca sativa, and can be affected by lettuce downy mildew, one of the most serious diseases of lettuce. Lettuce seeds lactuca sativa lettuce seeds lactuca sativa products. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in. It belongs to the family of asteraceae which comprises between 23,000 and 30,000 species and is thought to be the largest family of plants bayer and starr, 1998.
Red leaf lettuce is a sweet and very delicately textured and flavored lettuce. Lettuce lactuca sativa is an annual plant of the daisy family, asteraceae. Assessment of heavy metals and microbial pollution of. Its haploid form would provide a good basis for producing a pure line of plants doubled haploids allowing new varieties to be regenerated. The name lactuca sativa is derived from the lactis, meaning milk. Lactuca sativa catalogue search wellcome collection. Firstly it was cultivated by ancient egyptians who turned it from a weed and seeds were used for producing oil, a food plant which is grown for its succulent leaves. This plant also has excellent medicinal properties. Haploidisation is a biotechnological method used to obtain plants with improved traits that are of use to humans. Journal of agricultural chemistry and environment vol. The reference to milk is due to the bitter white sap contained within the stem and thick veins of the plant 10. It has also been reported to promote a mild sensation of euphoria. Irrigated water, soil and lettuce were analyzed by aas technics for heavy metals including cd. Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis.
Lettuce lactuca sativa is one of the most popular and widely consumed vegetables, today and historically. Because it is a latex, lactucarium physically resembles opium, in that it is excreted as a white. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Lactuca sativa plant finder missouri botanical garden.
Lettuce lactuca sativa l overview lettuce lactuca sativa l. A historical survey is made of the distribution of the groups of lactuca cultivars over the world. Pdf chemical constituents from seeds of lactuca sativa. It is related to common lettuce, and is often called wild lettuce, bitter lettuce, laitue vireuse, opium lettuce, poisonous lettuce, tall lettuce, great lettuce or rakutukaryumuso. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. It is a curled, nonheading type, medium green in color, tinged. The genus includes about 100 species, distributed worldwide, but mainly in temperate eurasia. Books published in the mid18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today. Growth, yield and quality response to nitrogen fertilization in a noncirculating hydroponic system, journal of plant nutrition, doi. Most lettuce varieties are eaten fresh and are commonly served as the base of green salads. In this study, ncu, bulk cu, ncuo, bulk cuo, cuoh2 cupro 2005, kocide 3000, and cucl2 were exposed for 15 days to 10 daysold hydroponically grown lettuce lactuca sativa and alfalfa m. Heirloom lettuce varieties organic gardening mother. Genus name comes from the latin word lac meaning milk in obvious reference to the milky plant sap. Pollination and life history studies of lettuce lactuca sativa l.
Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies, particularly in the us, of changing. Lettuce grows readily because all cultivated strains were obtained originally from the prickly lettuce l. Four vermicompost doses 0 kgha, 4000 kgha, 8000 kgha and 12000 kgha were. Phytohormone profile in lactuca sativa and brassica oleracea plants grown. Here we present a reference assembly for the species and family. Lactuca sativa longifolia is a annualbiennial growing to 0. This pathogen is able to undergo sexual reproduction. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Grow a living quilt of different lettuces, or a formal tictactoe board.
Lactuca sativa is the botanical name for common garden lettuce. Introduction the lettuce crop is a very important one in california, and the product is shipped in considerable quantity throughout most of the year. The wild origin of our modern lettuce, lactuca serriola, can still be seen all over europe and the more temperate parts of asia. Lactuca sativa garden lettuce lactuca serriola prickly lettuce lactuca tatarica blue lettuce lactuca virosa bitter lettuce legal status. Lactuca sativa in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. Lettuce is generally a rich source of vitamins k and a, though the nutritional quality varies, depending on the variety. Lactuca sativa buttercrunch lettuce seeds 65 days 500 mg packet 300 seeds buttercrunch was developed by george raleigh of cornell university. The plants database includes the following species of lactuca. Lettuces are made up of over 95 per cent water, but contribute other essential components of our diet such. Lettuce is cultivated worldwide, and is one of the most consumed green leafy vegetables in the raw form for its taste and high nutritive value. Potential disease problems include downy mildew, powdery mildew, shot hole, bottom rot, septoria leaf spot, botrytis and wilt. A taxonomic species within the family asteraceae garden lettuce. Few salad vegetables exceed lettuce in popularity, and you should have little difficulty in growing it. Lactuca sativa, an annual vegetable of the family compositae.
It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. A desert adapted variety bred in israel with smooth sword shaped bright green upright leaves with a silky texture. This research was done to find out the effect of increasing vermicompost application on yield of lettuce lactuca sativa l. Lactuca sativa, lettuce or garden lettuce, is a leafy annual or perennial herb in the asteraceae aster or composite family that originated in the mediterranean and near east and is now cultivated commercially and in home gardens worldwide for its leafy greens, which are the most widely used salad crop. History lettuce is thought to have originated in asia minor, probably from one of the wild lettuce types, of which there are more than 100 varieties. A comparative high performance liquid chromatography hplc study of 11 lactuca species, based on distributional data of 8 sesquiterpene lactones, revealed that 5 species of the subsection lactuca, that is, lactuca dregeana, l. Lactuca sativa longifolia cos lettuce pfaf plant database. Lactuca sativa article about lactuca sativa by the free. Apr 16, 2020 lettuce, lactuca sativa, annual leaf vegetable of the aster family asteraceae.
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